The AI designed bacteriophage viruses that were made in the laboratory
Artificial Intelligence has been used to design brand new viruses that are fully functional and can replicate in the laboratory, say US researchers.
It is the first time whole genomes have been successfully designed by AI.
The resulting 16 novel viruses were created to infect bacteria and pose no threat to people.
The breakthrough has been labelled a "very significant turning point" in science that could unlock a new era for treating disease. But experts have also warned AI-designed viruses raise "urgent" safety and security concerns.
AI tools are rapidly advancing and have already been used to design new antibiotics.
But that is relatively simple compared with designing a new viable virus from scratch.
"This is a next step in the complexity that's designable by generative AI, this is the first time generative AI has been used to design a complete genome, it's something that can replicate and have other functions inside cells… this was new territory for us," Brian Hie, assistant professor at Stanford University, told the BBC.
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The technology works similarly to large language models, like ChatGPT, which predict sequences of text.
In this instance the AI models, known as Evo1 and Evo2, predict the language of life rather than words.
The AI models were trained on genetic codes from viruses, bacteria, plants and people.
They were then refined to produce a type of virus, known as a bacteriophage, which infect only specific species of bacteria.
Assistant professor Brian Hie, pictured on left with a colleague, said of his work "This was new territory for us".